Bases estructurales de la señalización y regulación por nitrógeno y procesos asociados

Tesis por compendio[ES] Enmarcada en la línea de investigación de nuestro laboratorio sobre señalización por nitrógeno principalmente en la cianobacteria Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942, con esfuerzos centrados en las proteínas PII y PipX y su red de señalización, esta Tesis amplía el espectro de moléculas investigadas en relación con dicha red. Estudia y caracteriza el miembro no canónico de la superfamilia de la proteína PII denominado CutA, generalmente anotado como de protección frente a metales divalentes, altamente conservado en todos los dominios de la vida (incluidos animales y el ser humano). En ella examinamos la posible protección frente a metales provista por CutA en dos bacterias muy distantes, Escherichia coli y Synechococcus elongatus, usando knockouts para ambas del gen que codifica para CutA. Ni los estudios de complementación en E. coli del gen silvestre ni los observacionales de sensibilidad a metales en S. elongatus han dado soporte a la función anotada para CutA, a pesar de que demostramos mediante seguimiento turbidimétrico que el Cu2+ hace agregar a la proteína CutA pura de S. elongatus (producida recombinantemente) y por tanto se une a ella, aunque con una afinidad baja por comparación con las concentraciones tóxicas de este metal para dicha cianobacteria. Buscando profundizar en el conocimiento de CutA, hemos determinado a muy alta resolución mediante difracción de rayos X la estructura de esta proteína de S. elongatus, sin evidenciar complejo alguno con cobre, pero demostrando que los tres bolsillos intersubunidades en el homotrímero de CutA son capaces de transportar moléculas orgánicas (en nuestro caso Bis-Tris). Estos resultados apoyan una posible función de CutA basada en la unión a estos bolsillos de biomoléculas neutras o positivamente cargadas y capaces de formar varios puentes de hidrógeno con las paredes de potencial negativo y fuerte carácter polar de estos bolsillos. También hemos estudiado la proteína PipY de S. elongatus, identificada recientemente como pareja funcional de la antes mencionada PipX, determinando sus propiedades espectroscópicas, unión de piridoxal fosfato (PLP) y resolviendo su estructura mediante difracción de rayos X. Probamos que PipY es monomérica y que tiene PLP unido. Su estructura no apoya que sea un enzima, siendo aparentemente apropiada para ejercer una posible función en la homeostasis de PLP. Dado que muy recientemente se ha descrito una epilepsia genética humana dependiente de vitamina B6 debida a mutaciones en el gen humano ortólogo de pipY, PROSC (ahora llamado PLPBP; codifica la proteína PLPHP), usamos inicialmente PipY de S. elongatus y luego PROSC humana como banco de pruebas de la patogenicidad de las mutaciones que se han asociado a esta epilepsia, utilizando para ello mutagénesis dirigida y producción de las formas silvestre y mutantes de estas proteínas, comparando sus propiedades. Estos estudios han demostrado la patogenicidad y establecido mecanismos para la misma para cada una de las mutaciones de cambio de sentido de PROSC descritas hasta ahora en esta epilepsia. Nuestros estudios han representado un importante avance en la comprensión de las proteínas de tipo PipY y de la epilepsia asociada a la forma humana de las mismas.[CA] Emmarcada en la línia d'investigació del nostre laboratori de senyalització per nitrogen principalment en el cianobacteri Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942, amb esforços centrats en les proteïnes PII i PipX i la seua xarxa de senyalització, esta Tesi amplia l'espectre de molècules investigades en relació amb la dita xarxa. Estudia i caracteritza el membre no canònic de la superfamília de la proteïna PII denominat CutA, generalment anotat com de protecció a metalls divalents, altament conservat en tots els dominis de la vida (inclosos animals i l'ésser humà). En ella examinem la possible protecció front a metalls proveïda per CutaA en dos bacteris molt distants, Escherichia coli i Synechococcus elongatus, usant knockouts del gen que codifica CutA per a ambdues. Ni els estudis de complementació en E. coli del gen silvestre ni els observacionals de sensibilitat a metalls en S. elongatus han donat suport a la funció anotada per CutA, tot i que vam demostrar mitjançant seguiment turbidimétric que el Cu2 + fa agregar a la proteïna CutA pura de S. elongatus (produïda de forma recombinant) i per tant s'uneix a ella, encara que amb una afinitat baixa per comparació amb les concentracions tòxiques d'aquest metall per a aquest cianobacteri. Buscant aprofundir en el coneixement de CutA, hem determinat a molt alta resolució mitjançant difracció de raigs X l'estructura d'aquesta proteïna de S. elongatus, sense evidenciar cap complex amb coure, però demostrant que les tres cavitats formades entre les subunitats del homotrimer de CutA són capaços de transportar molècules orgàniques (en el nostre cas Bis-Tris). Aquests resultats donen suport a una possible funció de CutA basada en la unió a aquestes cavitats de biomolècules neutres o positivament carregades i capaços de formar diversos ponts d'hidrogen amb les parets de potencial negatiu i fort caràcter polar d'aquestes cavitats. També hem estudiat la proteïna PipY de S. elongatus, identificada recentment com a parella funcional de l'abans esmentada PipX, determinant les seves propietats espectroscòpiques, unió de piridoxal fosfat (PLP) i resolent la seva estructura mitjançant difracció de raigs X. Vam provar que PipY és monomèrica i que té PLP unit. La seva estructura no recolza que sigui un enzim, sent aparentment apropiada per a exercir una possible funció en l'homeòstasi de PLP. Atès que molt recentment s'ha descrit una epilèpsia genètica humana dependent de vitamina B6 deguda a mutacions en el gen humà ortòleg de pipY, PROSC (ara anomenat PLPBP; codifica la proteïna PLPHP), fem servir inicialment PipY de S. elongatus i després PROSC humana com banc de proves de la patogenicitat de les mutacions que s'han associat a aquesta epilèpsia, utilitzant mutagènesi dirigida i produint les formes silvestre i mutants d'aquestes proteïnes, comparant les seves propietats. Aquests estudis han demostrat la patogenicitat i establert mecanismes per a la mateixa per a cadascuna de les mutacions de canvi de sentit de PROSC descrites fins ara en aquesta epilèpsia. Els nostres estudis han representat un important avanç en la comprensió de les proteïnes de tipus PipY i de l'epilèpsia associada a la forma humana de les mateixes.[EN] In the context of research of our laboratory on nitrogen signaling mainly in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942, with efforts focused on the PII and PipX proteins and their signaling network, this Thesis extends the spectrum of molecules investigated in relation to such network. It studies and characterizes the non-canonical member of the PII protein superfamily named CutA, a highly conserved protein in all domains of life (including animals and humans) which is generally annotated as protecting against divalent metals. We examine the possible protection provided by CutA against metals, using knockouts for the CutA-encoding gene of two phylogenetically distant bacteria, Escherichia coli and Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. Neither complementation studies in E. coli by the wild-type gene, nor observational studies of sensitivity to metals in the S. elongatus knockout have supported the function annotated for CutA, although we show by turbidimetric monitoring that Cu2+ causes aggregation of pure S. elongatus CutA (produced recombinantly) and therefore binds to it, although with a low affinity by comparison with the concentrations of this metal that are toxic for this cyanobacterium. Aiming at getting further insight into CutA, we have determined at very high resolution, by X-ray diffraction, the structure of this protein of S. elongatus, failing to observe Cu2+ bound in this structure, but showing that the three pockets formed at intersubunit boundaries in the CutA homotrimer are capable of transporting organic molecules (in our case Bis-Tris) without inducing conformational changes in the protein. This finding supports a possible function of CutA based on the binding to these pockets of neutral or positively charged biomolecules capable of forming several hydrogen bonds with the pocket walls, which are endowed with negative potential and have a strong polar character. We have also studied the PipY protein of S. elongatus, recently identified as a functional partner of the aforementioned PipX, determining its spectroscopic properties, binding of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) and solving its structure by X-ray diffraction. We prove that PipY is monomeric and has PLP attached. Its structure does not favor an enzymatic role of PipY, being more appropriate for exerting a possible function in the homeostasis of PLP. Given the very recent description of a human vitamin B6-dependent genetic epilepsy associated to mutations in the human orthologue of the pipY gene, PROSC (now called PLPBP, encoding the PROSC protein, now named PLPHP), we used first S. elongatus PipY and afterwards and more extensively human PROSC to test by site-directed mutagenesis the pathogenicity of the mutations that have been associated with this epilepsy. These studies have demonstrated the pathogenicity and established mechanisms for this pathogenicity for each of the missense mutations reported thus far in patients with PROSC-associated epilepsy. Our studies represent an important advance in the understanding of PipY-like proteins and of epilepsy associated with the human form thereof.Para la realización de esta Tesis, Lorena Tremiño Agulló ha disfrutado de una Beca de Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI) (BES-2012-058304) otorgado por el Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad. El trabajo se ha llevado a cabo en el grupo 739 del CIBERER-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (IP, V. Rubio) y se ha enmarcado dentro de los proyectos: -“Luz estructural sobre señalización y regulación por nitrógeno y sobre biosíntesis de arginina/urea, sus errores congénitos, y su conexión con biología del envejecimiento”, (BFU2011-30407) del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España (Investigador principal,V. Rubio). -“Una mirada molecular al control de la detoxificación de amonio y a sus patologías y errores congénitos, y a la señalización por amonio. En busca del papel de la proteína CutA”, (BFU2014-58229) del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España (Investigador principal, V. Rubio). -"BioMeder. Genes, proteínas y rutas de señalización en enfermedades raras" (PrometeoII/2014/029) de la Conselleria d'Educació de la Generalitat Valenciana (investigadores, P. Sanz, A. Marina y V. Rubio).Tremiño Agulló, L. (2019). Bases estructurales de la señalización y regulación por nitrógeno y procesos asociados [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/117999TESISCompendi

The Signal Transduction Protein PII Controls the Levels of the Cyanobacterial Protein PipX

Cyanobacteria, microorganisms performing oxygenic photosynthesis, must adapt their metabolic processes to environmental challenges such as day and night changes. PipX, a unique regulatory protein from cyanobacteria, provides a mechanistic link between the signalling protein PII, a widely conserved (in bacteria and plants) transducer of carbon/nitrogen/energy richness, and the transcriptional regulator NtcA, which controls a large regulon involved in nitrogen assimilation. PipX is also involved in translational regulation through interaction with the ribosome-assembly GTPase EngA. However, increases in the PipX/PII ratio are toxic, presumably due to the abnormally increased binding of PipX to other partner(s). Here, we present mutational and structural analyses of reported PipX-PII and PipX-NtcA complexes, leading to the identification of single amino acid changes that decrease or abolish PipX toxicity. Notably, 4 out of 11 mutations decreasing toxicity did not decrease PipX levels, suggesting that the targeted residues (F12, D23, L36, and R54) provide toxicity determinants. In addition, one of those four mutations (D23A) argued against the over-activation of NtcA as the cause of PipX toxicity. Most mutations at residues contacting PII decreased PipX levels, indicating that PipX stability would depend on its ability to bind to PII, a conclusion supported by the light-induced decrease of PipX levels in Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 (hereafter S. elongatus).This work was supported by grant PID2020-118816GB-I00 from the Spanish Government (MICINN) and grants VIGROB22-126, VIGROB23-126, and GRE20-04-C from the University of Alicante

The Conserved Family of the Pyridoxal Phosphate-Binding Protein (PLPBP) and Its Cyanobacterial Paradigm PipY

The PLPBP family of pyridoxal phosphate-binding proteins has a high degree of sequence conservation and is represented in all three domains of life. PLPBP members, of which a few representatives have been studied in different contexts, are single-domain proteins with no known enzymatic activity that exhibit the fold type III of PLP-holoenzymes, consisting in an α/β barrel (TIM-barrel), where the PLP cofactor is solvent-exposed. Despite the constant presence of cofactor PLP (a key catalytic element in PLP enzymes), PLPBP family members appear to have purely regulatory functions affecting the homeostasis of vitamin B6 vitamers and amino/keto acids. Perturbation of these metabolites and pleiotropic phenotypes have been reported in bacteria and zebrafish after PLPBP gene inactivation as well as in patients with vitamin B6-dependent epilepsy that results from loss-of-function mutations at the PLPBP. Here, we review information gathered from diverse studies and biological systems, emphasizing the structural and functional conservation of the PLPBP members and discussing the informative nature of model systems and experimental approaches. In this context, the relatively high level of structural and functional characterization of PipY from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 provides a unique opportunity to investigate the PLPBP roles in the context of a signaling pathway conserved in cyanobacteria.Work in our laboratories were supported by grants PID220‐118816GB‐I00 and BFU2015‐66360‐P from the Spanish Government (MICINN), grants GRE20‐04‐C, VIGROB20‐126, UADIF20‐34 and UADIF19‐36 from the University of Alicante (to AC) and grant CIVP‐20A6610 from the Fundación Ramón Areces (to VR)

Studies on cyanobacterial protein PipY shed light on structure, potential functions, and vitamin B6-dependent epilepsy

The Synechococcus elongatus COG0325 gene pipY functionally interacts with the nitrogen regulatory gene pipX. As a first step toward a molecular understanding of such interactions, we characterized PipY. This 221-residue protein is monomeric and hosts pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), binding it with limited affinity and losing it upon incubation with D-cycloserine. PipY crystal structures with and without PLP reveal a single-domain monomer folded as the TIM barrel of type-III fold PLP enzymes, with PLP highly exposed, fitting a role for PipY in PLP homeostasis. The mobile PLP phosphate-anchoring C-terminal helix might act as a trigger for PLP exchange. Exploiting the universality of COG0325 functions, we used PipY in site-directed mutagenesis studies to shed light on disease causation by epilepsy-associated mutations in the human COG0325 gene PROSC.Supported by grants from the Generalitat Valenciana (PrometeoII/2014/029) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BFU2014-58229-P to VR; BFU2012-33364 and BFU2015-66360-P to AC; FPI contract to LT) of Spain, and to EC FP7/2007-2013 BioStruct-X (grant agreement no. 283570, proposal 7687) for synchrotron access

Expanding the Cyanobacterial Nitrogen Regulatory Network: The GntR-Like Regulator PlmA Interacts with the PII-PipX Complex

Cyanobacteria, phototrophic organisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis, perceive nitrogen status by sensing 2-oxoglutarate levels. PII, a widespread signaling protein, senses and transduces nitrogen and energy status to target proteins, regulating metabolism and gene expression. In cyanobacteria, under conditions of low 2-oxoglutarate, PII forms complexes with the enzyme N-acetyl glutamate kinase, increasing arginine biosynthesis, and with PII-interacting protein X (PipX), making PipX unavailable for binding and co-activation of the nitrogen regulator NtcA. Both the PII-PipX complex structure and in vivo functional data suggested that this complex, as such, could have regulatory functions in addition to PipX sequestration. To investigate this possibility we performed yeast three-hybrid screening of genomic libraries from Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942, searching for proteins interacting simultaneously with PII and PipX. The only prey clone found in the search expressed PlmA, a member of the GntR family of transcriptional regulators proven here by gel filtration to be homodimeric. Interactions analyses further confirmed the simultaneous requirement of PII and PipX, and showed that the PlmA contacts involve PipX elements exposed in the PII-PipX complex, specifically the C-terminal helices and one residue of the tudor-like body. In contrast, PII appears not to interact directly with PlmA, possibly being needed indirectly, to induce an extended conformation of the C-terminal helices of PipX and for modulating the surface polarity at the PII-PipX boundary, two elements that appear crucial for PlmA binding. Attempts to inactive plmA confirmed that this gene is essential in S. elongatus. Western blot assays revealed that S. elongatus PlmA, irrespective of the nitrogen regime, is a relatively abundant transcriptional regulator, suggesting the existence of a large PlmA regulon. In silico studies showed that PlmA is universally and exclusively found in cyanobacteria. Based on interaction data, on the relative amounts of the proteins involved in PII-PipX-PlmA complexes, determined in western assays, and on the restrictions imposed by the symmetries of trimeric PII and dimeric PlmA molecules, a structural and regulatory model for PlmA function is discussed in the context of the cyanobacterial nitrogen interaction network.This work was supported by grants BFU2015-66360-P to AC and BFU2014-58229-P to VR from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity. AO was the recipient of Grisolia Fellowship from Consellería d'Educació of the Valencian Government and AF-N and LT held FPI fellowships/contracts from Ministry of Economy and Competitivity. JE and VR were supported by grants GV/2014/073 and PrometeoII/2014/029, respectively, from the Consellería d'Educació of the Valencian Government

The Conserved Family of the Pyridoxal Phosphate-Binding Protein (PLPBP) and Its Cyanobacterial Paradigm PipY

The PLPBP family of pyridoxal phosphate-binding proteins has a high degree of sequence conservation and is represented in all three domains of life. PLPBP members, of which a few representatives have been studied in different contexts, are single-domain proteins with no known enzymatic activity that exhibit the fold type III of PLP-holoenzymes, consisting in an α/β barrel (TIM-barrel), where the PLP cofactor is solvent-exposed. Despite the constant presence of cofactor PLP (a key catalytic element in PLP enzymes), PLPBP family members appear to have purely regulatory functions affecting the homeostasis of vitamin B6 vitamers and amino/keto acids. Perturbation of these metabolites and pleiotropic phenotypes have been reported in bacteria and zebrafish after PLPBP gene inactivation as well as in patients with vitamin B6-dependent epilepsy that results from loss-of-function mutations at the PLPBP. Here, we review information gathered from diverse studies and biological systems, emphasizing the structural and functional conservation of the PLPBP members and discussing the informative nature of model systems and experimental approaches. In this context, the relatively high level of structural and functional characterization of PipY from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 provides a unique opportunity to investigate the PLPBP roles in the context of a signaling pathway conserved in cyanobacteria

Functional and structural characterization of PII‐like protein CutA does not support involvement in heavy metal tolerance and hints at a small‐molecule carrying/signaling role

The PII‐like protein CutA is annotated as being involved in Cu2+ tolerance, based on analysis of Escherichia coli mutants. However, the precise cellular function of CutA remains unclear. Our bioinformatic analysis reveals that CutA proteins are universally distributed across all domains of life. Based on sequence‐based clustering, we chose representative cyanobacterial CutA proteins for physiological, biochemical, and structural characterization and examined their involvement in heavy metal tolerance, by generating CutA mutants in filamentous Nostoc sp. and in unicellular Synechococcus elongatus. However, we were unable to find any involvement of cyanobacterial CutA in metal tolerance under various conditions. This prompted us to re‐examine experimentally the role of CutA in protecting E. coli from Cu2+. Since we found no effect on copper tolerance, we conclude that CutA plays a different role that is not involved in metal protection. We resolved high‐resolution CutA structures from Nostoc and S. elongatus. Similarly to their counterpart from E. coli and to canonical PII proteins, cyanobacterial CutA proteins are trimeric in solution and in crystal structure; however, no binding affinity for small signaling molecules or for Cu2+ could be detected. The clefts between the CutA subunits, corresponding to the binding pockets of PII proteins, are formed by conserved aromatic and charged residues, suggesting a conserved binding/signaling function for CutA. In fact, we find binding of organic Bis‐Tris/MES molecules in CutA crystal structures, revealing a strong tendency of these pockets to accommodate cargo. This highlights the need to search for the potential physiological ligands and for their signaling functions upon binding to CutA.This work was supported by grants from DFG to K.F. (Fo195/9-2, RTG 1708-2), from DAAD to K.A.S, from the Spanish Government to V.R. and C.M-M. (BFU2014-58229-P, BFU2017-84264-P) and to A.C. (BFU2015-66360-P), and from BioStruct-X (EU) to V.R. for synchrotron access (grant agreement N°283570, proposal 7687), and by Open Access Publishing of Tübingen University